Replacing Vision
In science fiction, replacing a character's eyes or vision completely is decribed as either "bionic" or "cyborg." Retinal implants appear for the first time in science fiction in the 1952 novel "The Space Merchants," by Frederik Pohl and Cyril Kornbluth. The first real implant into the visual cortex was accomplished in 1978 by William Dobelle. Today, several groups are working to create retinal implants, like those pictured, to provide vision to the blind.The Six Million Dollar Man
"The Six Million Dollar Man" was a television series based on the 1972 Martin Caidn novel, "Cyborg." The main character, Steve Austin, is given "bionic implants" to repair his legs, arms and left eye after a near fatal accident. In the television series, the enhanced eye could see infrared lights and provide telescopic vision.
Photovoltaic Retinal Prostheses
![Extreme.VisionReplacedv2_border.jpg A square case of clear plastic holds six very small black metal dots.](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAASABIAAD/4QBMRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgAAYdpAAQAAAABAAAAGgAAAAAAA6ABAAMAAAABAAEAAKACAAQAAAABAAAA+qADAAQAAAABAAAAvgAAAAD/wAARCAC+APoDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9sAQwACAgICAgIDAgIDBQMDAwUGBQUFBQYIBgYGBgYICggICAgICAoKCgoKCgoKDAwMDAwMDg4ODg4PDw8PDw8PDw8P/9sAQwECAgIEBAQHBAQHEAsJCxAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQ/90ABAAQ/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD9/KKKKACuPufGul2txLbSQzFoXZCQq4ypIOPm9q7CvnzWv+QxfAH/AJby/wDoRrtwVCNRtSMK9RxWh6b/AMJ5pGCfJn4/2V/+Kpo8faORnyZ+mfup/wDF15FnAJzg1Hknk16X9n0zm+syPYR4/wBGP/LGf/vlP/iqhm+I2gW8TTzpNHGvViqAD/x6vGr2/h0+3a4uW+XoAOSSew965X99cM+sa04jhtVMixk4jhRRnc5JwT7npWtPKqctzOWMkj6Jg+JeiXC71tbpV7bkQZHrjfkfjTpPiZ4Yg5u5Gth6ytGg/V6+KNT8R+I/FweLQJn0jSB965xiedfWMHlVP944z2zWDBqGk+H7oR6dCLm7YYa4lJlmYj/aOf8Ax3Ar0Fw7S679jL+0JH3j/wALQ8NyPts47q7H96OEhPwZyoP4Zqs/xZ8NxuUaC53DgjbHwff95Xylp19reqgG5m+zQn+AdSPoOv45rfbTLeEK3mSHd/fwi5+nWs3kdFaalfXZn0cfi14ZHWG6/wC+EP8A7PUD/GDwygz9muz9Ej/+LrwCO1AAIVdo981DNJCBgHOem1TxT/sSh5/eJY6Z7+3xm8MqMm0vfX7kf/xymH40+GAAfsd9z/0zi/8AjlfLury6rPG8VhHKpKHY6x5w2OOD/WsKw/4TlUEcmnBiOrk7j+tWshoNX/Uj69UPrs/G3wsP+XO9yO2yL/47TG+OfhFBmS1vV9MpFz/5Er5eEHjNifO8uAN0yyrgfgOahm8LarqsELaxeLL9nl80HOVzjoRnBA9MfXNH9h4e2v5iePqdD6oPxw8LAZ+w35/7ZxD+ctRN8dvCSDL2d8P+AQ//AB2vmSez0iEb7/WreN+hAJZx/wABUfkKxpU8NxjKzX98+MAW9nIQfxYqP0qVkuH63L+u1D6rb9oDwcv/AC5X5+kcXP8A5FrNk/aU8BxPsez1AMM8eXCOR/22r5Te+WOOR7Lwvq92+PkDNbW4P+8ZCT6VxV5q2rt5j33g6/hQ/wARe2nwfVvKk3AeuF4FDybD9n94vr1Q+5x+0f4GYEJZ6gzj+Hy4QT+coH61f0/4/wDgrUZTbx219FOoDGKSONX2nuB5hDD3BIr4MsLO0u2Ww0/UIZNSRPNktUkV8j+9HgncB0POQeOtX4vNYLb3IYBW65w8Tf3kbqpH6980lklBrRMPr1Q/Q6D4n+H7htqw3IPUZVOfp89W/wDhYWi5x5Nx/wB8p/8AF18c+FPEEsk50bUpA91Gu+KYDaJ0H8QHZ1yNy9O44PHrNtOZYsscuvXH+e9cdXKqcWarGyvZntn/AAsPRcE+Rccf7Kf/ABdH/Cw9F/543H/fKf8AxdeM9c7etMzj7vOay/s6mUsXM+nLS5S8tYbuMEJOiuoPXDDIzjvVmsrQ8HRNP/694v8A0AVq14M1ZtHpJ6BRRRUjP//Q/fyiiigAr591nH9r34A6zy/+hmvoKvnrWWxrF+Oh8+XH/fRr08s+JnJi3ojOGGOAKa7pCrSyEKiAsxPQDvmmjI/GuW8Rn7c0OiKx2TDzLjH/ADyU42/8DPH0Br3IRu7HA5aGHNqkNxFP4n1lvs2m26loQ/GIx/y0Yeren0rya88WXnjkJPOv2PQ4XD21o3BuWHSa49QOqIeB1PNUviTrA8R6+ng+D/kGaWEmvdvR5RzHFx2UckVyFzfSTTtpsGBI33l7Ko/gH0zk478dq9/D0UknbX8jkqTvod5d6hda839laH8kQ4mlPf3z/TvXTaN4Kt9Pj82RjLIRknvx7njJ9OlReFbG103T1LsIggLyOewJ/Ms3aukgXU/FqFNOnOn6bGSuVGbiZv7qdkXu0h57KM1c52uuhHKbliulRRm41DU7fSoIgMmRgD+Hcn0wPxretpvA+qxK8Ml3qKKTiRLdgjYPZmGCD65rI8O/DnQtFk+2TJ9uvzz5s/zlT/sA8Lj1+8e5Nd75O3nBz69a8qvWjf3GzenF9UZLvpcZH2XTZWwOTJIuPbhWz+lVnubkcWtrBb+vG4/qDW35cXUgZpNsOd2FzWPtbdDSRzH2W/LlvtrqM5woUDHpxg1aexv512S3UpXGMZUZHvkE/rW98i4wuMdqdkjlU/Gh4hiUVszj5fDVjN8s6GRfQsQM/QEU2PwrpYOFtI8+4z/PNdkWkbsAetRfvCQSQCPak68u4csbmFB4ds4kCpGqY7qMfyqydCsuA6k8etaTKe7tyfpUZiVSDlm/E1HO31HoZj6LYKMbVx69DWXcaBYO25AMnPQ5rpzDF1KA59feq09vE3RQPccfypwl5hsfM3xS+HFg8lv4jSBo3gcGeS3JjlXHSeJ1+ZJF7kfe4DA1Bo09xqLNpGvSLLqUEYdLgAKl3ADgSYHAkX7sgHGSGGA2B9EarbJdWMtrP8ySqyg/0NeF3ulSpo1tf267rzS2LIR1ZVBDL9HUEfU5rvpzvHcxluaj2ck0Md1Zjy7qE74ieiyR9AfZhkH1BNetaHqEeoWkF7FlVuEBwe2e34HiuHsII7qGSSJvldFlT1J9f1re8KyH7PcxDIWKUlfYP83H4k1lVV0Umd2oO0gf40nAHP09KXqAPWmFs8AYrhaLR9KaFxomnj/p3i/9AFatZWh/8gTTv+veL/0AVq18nU+JnuR2QUUUVBR//9H9/KKKKACvnbWXH9tah/18S/8AoZr6Jr5z1vH9tah/18y/+hmvUyv4mceM2RQDA/WuA1LU49OtdX8Q3HCwiQg/9M4AQAPqc/nXdySbVbtgE/lXkXj9WXwZLaKTm6McZ+jsC35jNfSYaF5JHmVG0jwDSLiXTfD17r+ofNe3rtMxPeaU5/EKP5VF4Rt/s8M/iK9UszH5V7szHCKPdia1PE1i0kdlpUafJgO31f8A+sKtX7No9j50a5j0uJp1UDlp2Hlx/kST+Fexzpu66nNy21N23F74k1iPw7BKNyMfNK8+ZKPvf8ATOPoDX01oujWmg6fHp9r/AAD5nPVm7k1418CPD7W+gyeI7477i8Zooz6RRthsH/acH8q91YEjaDgnP5V5uNrXlyp6G1OnZXY7eScJwB1Pb8KcwHUktiheBjFIzFRgDkGuSKNWtLjmCDB2gUueOB9ajRg4zj05peeDnr+NSlqC1JS+aZuOMnioirFwyngD+dP2jHPOKHFCTB5QvDccdaGbA4pnDfhWR4j1S70Xw/qWs6fp0+sXNjbyzRWVqAZ7mRFJWKPOBuY8CiNthM2ST1pM5HHGKxvD97rGoaBp1/4gsBpWp3NvFJdWYlEwt5nUF4hIMBthyMgVrsdo4PXpRJAIw6E81XkAAznrUxbI3elVJmJBANCVxtlS82m2kwcEAnPpjvXn09vC6NEnGJA34ZGfzru759tnKW5G08VxiMGL7DyTj1/i/wDrV1U9jPfQwfCBn+wMLj5DD9oi2+qpIVU+3Az+Ndj4eVNk0sfy+ZtP5CsDT0VYb2RTnbvx3yS1b/hna2mpJu3blU5zweKups2JO2h2RkCgA9SOtRq2T1z9ae+FGCKYEyAO1ca2LcnfQ+l9B/5Aenf9e0P/AKAK1qytB/5Aenf9e0P/AKAK1a+QqfEz3obIKKKKgo//0v38ooooAK+cNcYLrOo56m4l6f75r6Pr5x11v+J1qAx/y8S8/wDAzXq5V8TOPGfCjHkOI5AOhU/yrz/xfH52lWqvggzx/jwa9Cl+ZGHTjFcD4lcHSrUntNF/UV9HhnqeXOWlzzq60xHv3k25Afr6YAArJ8UaTcXGhXbW43TNKhUHjLAHaM+mTXbSr/pUny8bqkLwLalrpgV+0RjntuOBn6mu6M9jN36npHg7TP7F8KaPpQG021pEj8fx7csf++s10f8AEc9uKig4hRcYwopynqw615z11Zq+zH7gOD0ppJ3DqaTed3zYo5B556/hU6iTFzuxk4Vu9cR4I1rx3rdtqFx438OR+GmiunSyhW5W5kmtlGBLLt4RmOSF5+XFdtnBx2NMZMn5SRnuO1NJWFe70Jhuxg9aX5QeTzUcZyPm6ig4JyPxppFq1rjSUjOF4pScdfzpMt17U3cDScTN67DhgjPtSOBj2pjkjgGlZlOD3pJBraw07QMA8n9KzWkaSTbxgVdYkZwPas4EJyVwSauKGyLUmxZSBfTk/jXARRyuxIY/6zJx35PHtXeX5H2Nmb2rhBJ+4kcfKUPp6AmuikkkyGcp4R1Se/8ABa6zcL5TXCFyvoPMP9AK7DwXqUU1hPYRA5sLlbQn+8wjjbI9vn/SvP8ARV+xeCtP091JkazhOAMgZQE7j7k16B4C0z7Jb3cxz/pF5Ncbe43KqAH3AFXV+G7J6npLMCcZxmk3LkAmgqDyMZ/lSMoz0wK4WkaWPpnQedD04/8ATtD/AOgCtasnQP8AkBad/wBe0P8A6AK1q+PqfEz6CGyCiiioKP/T/fyiiigAr5t1zI1vUCOn2ib/ANDNfSVfNuttu1zURjkXEoH/AH2a9bKvikcmLdkjNwWDZ715/wCJMHRI8HOyWMj35rvgw6VwfiMH+w5ABgqyn8mr6LDP3jyp7HPS/NdPx6H+VVbvamlSSS/MIpomI9wwNZ9vqCXlxJcKpDKdrD3XAP8AjW1cKv8AZl5xnGGOOveu1aMy5kz2WE7olK91BoUfMSDj6VHaEtbR57oKecgnHtxXndTZDmG7B4oYEDIOKPMC8dz2oLA9T+IpavQmwoYEFs9uaTOelID6dOtIAe54qtA2Hc545z1pSAefSoi2CNxzSuxxn04xQkS5dUOyCDiolGevHNJkDqMkdqdz0/KjZk8zDjjjrUZIHGPpT2K85bNRkhRTRTuIWJXBHP5VRkYB8YyRVrcCcYqpOR5gFWiXJnDRWXjODU9dv9b1S2udKuHiGmWUEJR7aJF+dppT/rJJGJ6DAAGOc1k3Upt9CvbtRzHDPJx1+SMmu71gqLbAPBPb6V5/qef+Ec1BAeXtbkA9sshANdFN6A99TK02SWbwZp7y/wCsmtLQso4AJiU/oa9N8LosOnDJzvZmz9WJxXm4xFo1pakj5VjB+ioAK9V0ZNmnxKOBjGaVdJRFHc0yxA4GRSg8AZ60EqBgjj1pu/IHIFcbNb2Pp3QP+QDpv/XtD/6AK16ydA50LTv+vaH/ANAFa1fHVPiZ78NkFFFFQUf/1P38ooooAK+adc2/27qJOf8Aj5m4/wCBmvpavmbXmH9vaiOh+0zf+hmvWyn4pHHjdkUiwXr0P51wviHnQ7oE9D/7PXZeYvfn6VxmujOi3q9B82D/AMCzX0dDdHlz1PNYIiIRNEPncYz2yMEH8a7O3SYaZcx3RXzduWKfd5B/pXKadGHtZEJ+YAMPqD6V1o2Gyus8fu8nHsK7aruzBHqVmQ1pCRxlBTsgMd3QYqpYylrGA9jGp/Sp9xyenOBXn8tnY6LEuFwCANwpx5XPXFVn+Tlec0qzKUDDo1NeRLempYxnp2pRnGVHFQK4Ce9PUk8A4FLlJv3HPtQgkck8CkGORjpSsCBwf1owOCTyKTE73I1bGVK/N69qc3fPQCndO+K5R9Q8WDxeumrpMH/CN/ZDI2om4/fm6LYEK2+OVC8l898YpqNxPTRnTEEjjBJpmP73Wk5wT0yaQHge/X8KErIcbDGAzjriqc8ReRWx93+dXiCdw9elRuvUDn/PSrTsCTMHVxi3GVzknj8DXF61ZPc6PcW0Q2vIjIMn+9wa7XWMeWqngAHr9K5nVbkWdiLpU3EyRRge8kip/Wt6d+hLRyGoWNzBeoFdTazMqRoOq465/KvYLNQsflJ0Tj6VwV5AxurOPqHL89T0Pb2r0GECFdo7DH40Yh6K4RJnJ3bSOKQZ/h/WnZwMuPxoCkYx355rlsW1qfT/AIf/AOQDpuf+faH/ANAFa9ZHh/8A5AOm/wDXtD/6AK16+Mq/Ez6GGyCiiioKP//V/fyiiigAr5R8RzEeIdTBzj7VMP8Ax819XV8g+J5CPEeqAnP+lzgf9/Gr2cm+KRxY16IrvOOg6frXM6y+dJvSeyPj+daPmkHt05rK1Fozp97n+6//AKDmvpae6PKkjkNNhKxyluAY+c+5roZGLaZerGP+Xdvz28Vjojtp0rJ96TYmfYjmtLRdPnttOu0um3PKDn0Axx+ldU7bkW1seiaPJu0exlJzugjP/jorRB+YnPBArJ0oBNLskByqxIAe2AvFXN+JT2yAPxrz3uzQt/KFK9MVTvLlLCyuNQeNpxaxyS7Ixl2CKW2qO7HGB71NjceT0peByCRTZLMTwh4nh8XeGtL8UQWVxp0eq26XC214nl3EW8Z2Sr/C47ium8z0qkGfu24989frTxyvTpSa7C5uhe3djzTj9OtUt/cCnmUYBzS5Q6Fgn07+lLgEZPHpTA/Az0qUMPukZNSh6DNmOM59/Wm7AQSBwO9KWXOD0ppbLcdKaQlHXYYxwc5/Gq6thuT1qd2yM9+azmkCZIPJNVHUp7mPrkqpJEh5LKxA/ECub153SxtljP37i3A+okDfyBqhrGtJN4me134S1WNCfV2+cj8MrU+oXUM0lrGcPiYHP90qjHNdijZK5ncvSfNqOnqQCygnAPTp/jXYpIoPzDnFcIJkk1pFUDEUQyfTPP8ASt5rsqmA2e1ZVY7BGVjeedOP84qMTg8g1zbX/BOQM8VCb4kAKcfQ1iolc6a1Ptbw6c+H9MPraw/+gCtisHws2/wxpD/3rO3P5xrW9XxVX4mfRQ+FBRRRWZR//9b9/KKKKACvjvxMv/FS6sAMn7XOc/WRq+xK+TPElur+ItUIHW6m/wDQzXtZL8cjgx+yOWwznaBxWdfRn7Lerjgo2fb5K6ZbfHzAcH1qlcWpIu4zxvT+akV9JCSueU0zirGN20axcf8ALZQ5/wC+RW2m1rSaJf8AnmR7His3TAw0bTewEe3n24rWhXO5VGcxn8a6ZMIo6jT4nTT7aPrhFHtwBU7I7Pu74q1p8LmxgJwCFUHH0q55Xzcjt3ric9WXa5lqrNg9D/OpDvzzxWgYudo6U3ysc45qfaC02TMpmcSbSM7umKeCRg5q08GfvDFcnrWs6rpeuaLplnoVzqVpqckkdxeQyRrHYBF3K8ysdzK5yBs6H61foZ7HQiUhs56U7zsVBINuNpxiqZcgHPvVciFzWNQXG3GTnNP+18Y646c1gNcDtUDXRX7w5HbpT5Sbs6gXKsNxA5FKJkwR0Nc9bXDXJ2qwVh6mopL5oiUc/lU+z7F8z6mzcT9lPOawdS1KOxtJLqTnyxgDPLN2A+tQzaggXex2gnGSa4XxDcW9wPtk1xttbYH/AHSx67fX0z+XWt6FK7s9iJTONuJZY2kui4M9zIz5P8TMSSw9hzj2xUdlrV1e67bWKE+XHBJNIT2LEAfjtB/Amopg0glvruMx7BxGRyqnoP8Aeb07CsO/kn0rQ7y7tkzqmqYSJF5OXwiIo9zhR+J7V2OmyVrqdN4L8XDxHrOv3UH/AB72lyLZG7EogLAfTfg13c2rqnQ968w8O6Pb+CdBh0gS+ZLGC08n/PS4kO6RvxYnHsBTLjWdwJzgDv8A/XrlqWuVc7ybV8EMr5H8qqrq+MDd0zXmk2rgHeScegPpUceq54DHPFEY3C5+rfgp/M8HaDJ/fsLU/nEtdNXI/D9i/gPw256tptmfzhSuur8+rfG/U+nh8KCiiisyj//X/fyiiigAr5a19FOv6kTwftM3/oZr6lr5c8QMg17UucEXM3/oZr2MnfvSODH/AAozUjVvqO3oKgmjCTKx5DqV/Ec1YVwoH8/Wob6GSaDNv/royHT/AHh259Rx+Ne/HfU81HENCbaFLRh/q5HH4ZyP0NaVonzI2cKw2/nUd5PBexwXlsS0cwJ+hBwQfcEYPoags7hgWVfvRtn8M11pc2ojv9Fcz6ajONrdx+laJBEgJ9MYrA0+/t4FaQyL5EhJVicKMnkEnphsg1uucrx16g1xVI2k2y07oVkDDB7elO+VegyM1EbmAcOdrdqYbpMFlI/D/P8AWoSbFJoe54JYY+tUJcHO4g1DNdxrkhiR+WD+tZMl4jn76rjtnJP8/wCVdMKTMZTLbASZBNVnVQPT3qlLdkLnY7Dvgbev1x/Kqst1IQQI1J/u5LH9MV0RoyM5SRZLpHnjPrjmqE0Zl5AP8vpT449SfnyTCp7thB+vNaMGmyXBVWkMjekeWP8A46On41biktSPeexzpVoAGYhSe7df1rR0vRbzxFdR2lhdRRSSH78h498GtufQdMjaGPWZorV5yRELmaKAv3O1XLHj2qpNeeGtN2RWjy38jEqqWcMlySRycvxCvsWYCkqiekdzRwe8jnfFXgfUdHuTJLdJdMvGPMDN+P8ACgrlLeK3tHF/qsgJjxhyuY4yegjU/ff+7x15xXrdvJa3afaL+F9O28gXRSaY+ywxEov4ucehryrxYdK0+9e9htLi8u0z5MRVppV38ZWNB8ufoPrXVRm37rJnHlRnX9la6pNHeiM29vES0cT84Y9Xc/xSHv6dqx5/DTaTqR8Sao7vcPH/AKFDJx5akEGYjoODhPxb0rsvBsGs6W1zr3i+2jid+LTT3IldOciW4ZTsUj+GJM46u5PFYPie8udauJJZpNzzNmR2PzN/sj2+n0HHFZyq6uMdgVOy1PMtT1Q3EpVOUTOPfHf8e1czLPLMxO3n1rtJdGG7CLvPHQfyq5ZeCdVv5Nq27KvY1DdkChqeXOl1LJg5Ptiui03Q7yQiRw3avbNI+GUq485efUivQ7HwbDbBTtGfSs3XijRUrn1p4CjMXgbw7EeCmnWi/lCtdZWL4bj8nw9pcQ/gtYF/KMVtV+f1n779T6WGyCiiisyj/9D9/KKKKACvknxDcL/wkmqKTwLuf8/MNfW1fF/iYyJ4n1jAzm8uDn/to1e3knxy9Dgx791GhHcRyYP/ANatBXBYZ71w3nSwklTzirUd/OOTn+dfQSp3POjsN1nQ7y3vjq2ktvt5m3XVvnjcB/ro/RuzD+IYPXrh3Tixn+1bgIX+bPp+VdYl/MRlScHjHrXJapdRWc2ZCvlsflB6BvTHp6V0UJNaMmSRTvtUl0vzb5InvbCQAXdtGoaRCP8AlvCP4iBw6fxAcfMOaFpqU0tkureD9Z+06ZKSAYn3Rqe6srZ2EHqpAI9Kx59YuLRzPZQrOgPzIpw491HQj26+melcZqekeEdYu21XT7678PasSBJPZSPCXwekirlW/wCBoTXZTppoxvY9t0jUdcvT5d9Mw77jGCDz/skV14gt9q+bJIJAfTYPfkk4/OvCtJn1GztJYbvXor6TYRDKyIjBuxkC7Qw9flBr17w74r0yC3iGqJDqNyuAWjjdQOOgAJPXJyfpWdSElsvuGnfc3TaQzcRhXLH/AGpj/wCOjb+tSppM6rIx8wIpGcBIQD+Jc9TxUx8Xa/d8aZZXIQnACokKYz6hQ5H1NU7nSfEmu3Rvrq1trebbjc58xgvUDAyevbFc15r4nZeoS5b6ak0ttp1jdW+n3YVLi4BKbt82wA9WIyq/iM+1Bu7WNxFAk0+3gHKwAnPPBAb/AMcrHbw9eLDHNfahNbbmBZQI1OBxgqWGAR6/lXQ/2x4Q0yIRxzSXMnAODk8fQf1ok4rrcVvKxQN7dBiiWUEe/ODh5nwB1yTGv/jpFZ8OsagQ1uBcMsgXDFUjjcMOi4Axx1H51snxgHGzTNMB3cb3Az+ualt08S6hIHgt1Vgcq20uV4xkE5C5HcVHtElsXyN9Tn49OkuCJPsqTbD8reW1wy5POHIIHPuKklsdTJ/0m4WAE8+dIAceyRZz+LCu9i8Ja/dgfbrhhnsz/wBBmti38AWikNcTbieoUf1Of5VjLGq+5oqDPNtPNlYbo3nkuC55FvGIs/VzucfgRWnNJe3MP2XTLRLCFuSI1+Yk92I5J9+tesWnhjR7TDLFvI7sc/p0rZWOGEfu0C/QAVyzxl3sbRpM8GXwNeXCDIZmPOXGP50P8Jra45uZyp7hR/OvdZJcisiV8kkGoWJmWqUTzrTPhzo2nkFVDt6sAa6+PRbKFQEUY9hSz3BTJU59qhi1AnhuDSlOUtWwjGK2RO2mQjA2jAqu1imOVC5q4LpXHJ61FJck8Hv+VTGTK0Z7FpS7dMs1/uwxj/x0VfqhpR/4ldmR/wA8Y/8A0EVfr5mp8TPVjsFFFFQM/9H9/KKKKACvC9X+F+sahqt5fxT26pczSygMzggOxYZ+Q+vavdKK6MPiZ0m3Ayq0YzVpHzv/AMKg10H/AI+bU/8AA5Ov/fFM/wCFReIy4Y3FoAOmHk/+N19F0V1/2vWMlg4Hz8PhJrn8Vzbf99P/APEVm3vwIk1Pm+uIn9AruB/6DX0nRR/a9buH1On2PjfVP2cPEzTGXR76ziA6LJJL+eREayJP2b/Hl2ytqM2kXJXoxmuFkX6OsIb9a+36K1jnuIXUn6jT7HxZD+zL4hjwRqMUR54S6dxz6eZbE/rXc+HPg14r8Nq4F7BqBfoJ7hlA+nl26n9a+mqKUs8xD3YLAU0fPNz8PfiPIxNnJpNsOo+eaQj8XjNZ8vwo+It5xfa5bkHsjyKP0jAr6WorNZvW8vuH9SpnzhZ/BC/3772+iJPUgvIf1C11tn8ItKteZG84/wC9sH/joz+texYoqZZrWfUawdNdDgrPwRYWGPstrAh9eWP5kE1rDRLkcBowPqf8K6eisXjaj3ZosPE5n+xbjuyfmf8ACnf2NcgfeQ/if8K6Sil9cmP2MTmjpF50VowPqf8ACoW0XUD/ABRfm3/xNdXRQsZMXsInGSeH9RccSRD/AIE3/wATVKTwtqRB2yRc+rN/8TXoFFV9eqB7CJ5ZJ4K1mQ582Acf3m/+Jqg/gDXW6T24/wCBP/8AEV7FRVf2hUF9XieQL4D14dZ7c/8AA3/+Iqz/AMITrnA863x/vN/8RXq1GKP7RqC+rRKljA9tZW9tJgtFGiEjplQBVuiiuJu+p0BRRRSA/9L9/KKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKAP/2Q==)
These small black dots are actually the next wave in vision science. They are subretinal photovoltaic implants developed by the Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory at Stanford University. Implants like these are being investigated to help stimulate the retina in persons with diseases that degenerate vision.