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Neuro-Ophthalmology/Orbit
Hypertensive retinopathy in a patient with longstanding hypertension. Notice a single retinal vessel with areas of copper-wiring and silver wiring (lower arrows). Arteriovenous (AV) crossing changes are also visible as an abrupt right-angle change of a vein at the first AV crossing, and nicking of the vein at the second AV crossing (upper arrows).